æž‡æ· is a subtropical evergreen tree, and its cold resistance is stronger than that of citrus. The average annual temperature is above 12°C-15°C, winter is not lower than -6°C, and the annual precipitation can be planted in areas with rainfall above 1000mm.
The following describes the planting management technology.
I. Orchard establishment:
(1) The choice of orchard land: First, it is necessary to choose a convenient place for the establishment of a garden. The earthworms are highly adaptable to the soil, but they are still rich and fertile. The slightly acidic soil with an H value of about 6-6.5 is the best.
(II) Orchard reform: Due to its shallow root distribution, weak spreading force, and poor wind resistance, we must carry out deep-turning soil reforms, or press the green or big holes to press the green, and plant the seedlings on the ditch or large hole. On the soil (less than 50 centimeters of soil should be blasted to improve the soil), afterwards, the annual deepening of the cave deep-throw green, in order to improve the soil permeability and fertility, rooting in the soil, enhance root growth, expand the distribution of the root group, the plant Strong growth, increase wind resistance. For flat ground or cohesive soil, 40 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep gutters should be drained every 2-4 lines.
(c) seedling planting: 1. Planting time. In areas with cold winters, planting should be done in the spring to avoid freezing damage. Most of the southern part of the country is warm in winter and can be planted from September to March of the following year, but the best is from October to November.
2. Seedlings treatment. Seedlings must be soaked with carbendazim and other fungicides for 15-30 minutes before sowing, and soaking the seedlings until the grafting interface is more than 10 cm. This is one of the key measures to improve the survival rate. Slurry planting. Large transpiration of the loquat leaves, when planting should cut all the leaves 1/2-2/3, all young shoots cut off. Spray leaves 3-4 times a day.
3. Planting density. The dwarf early morning orchards can be planted in a variety of ways, including 13 meters or 1.52 meters (planting 222 plants) and 23 meters (111 acres planted).
4. Planting methods. When planting, roots should be distributed evenly and layered into soil. It is advisable to cover the roots and necks immediately and to make the root neck 10-20 cm higher than the surrounding ground. Then the earthworms are planted around the plants, and the root water is poured in the soil. Each watering 20-25 kg must be poured thoroughly. This is the key to improving the survival rate of seedlings. After the water penetrates into the soil, it is covered with a layer of fine soil. Finally, the area of ​​1 m2 of the tree tray is covered with a film to keep the soil moisture and increase the temperature of the ground. Long-term drought after planting should continue to water.
Second, fertilization:
The pod is an evergreen fruit tree with leafy flowers and more fertilizer than deciduous fruit trees. Should be used in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Juvenile trees are dominated by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, while adult trees are supplemented by potash fertilizers. The time of fertilization must be determined in conjunction with shoot and root growth. There are 4 peaks of shoots per year at the tip of thistle, mainly for spring shoots (2-4 months), summer shoots (May-June), autumn shoots (8-9 months), winter shoots (11-12 months). ), mainly spring, summer and autumn shoots. The root activity of alfalfa significantly alters the shoot growth in the shoots. Generally, the root system grows about 2 weeks earlier than the branch shoots, and there are 3-4 growth peaks per year. This is the first time from the end of January to the beginning of March. The largest amount of secondary growth occurred from the middle of May to the middle of June, the third from the middle of August to September, and the fourth at the end of November and November. Combined with the growth characteristics of roots and shoots, adult orchards are generally applied three times a year.
The first application of spring fertilizer, applied in mid-February, when the root system is in the first growth peak, easy to absorb nutrients, the main role of promoting spring shoots and increase the fruit. As the spring shoots can be the result of the year and the base of the summer and autumn shoots, the fertilization is more important, accounting for about 30% of the whole year, and the quick-acting fertilizer is the main ingredient. Potash fertilizer is applied at the same time to promote young fruit enlargement. . Per acre can apply 30 kg of urea, superphosphate (phosphorus) 15 kg, potassium sulfate (potassium) 30 kg, 1,000 kg of livestock and manure water.
The second summer shoot fertilizer was applied after fruit picking from mid-May to early June (before late-maturing varieties were harvested). At this time, the second peak of the root growth is positive, which mainly promotes the summer shoots and promotes flower bud differentiation from July to August. As the summer shoots are numerous and orderly, and the mother trees are more likely to be formed in the past, the promotion of summer shoots is the main measure to ensure high yields year after year. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer is very large, accounting for about 50% of the whole year. With quick-acting fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers, all phosphorus fertilizers are applied (to facilitate flower bud differentiation). Generally, 100 kg of urea and 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer (superphosphate) and 2000 kg to 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer are applied.
The third application of autumn fertilizer or flower before the fertilizer, in September-October, before flowering after heading, accounting for about 20% of the year, mainly to promote good flowering, increase fruit set and increase the ability to prevent overwintering, to delay fertilizer Mainly, Mushi urea 10 kg, organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg.
Young tree fertilization adopts the principle of thin service. From the time of planting and survival to the time of germination, the first fertilizer was applied, and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer was used to accelerate the effect of phosphate fertilizer and water manure. Fertilize once every 1 month until October. The first application of 2.5 kg of urea, 5 kg of superphosphate, 250 kg of manure, and then increase month by month. In the second year, fertilizers were applied once in 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months. After the seedlings are planted and survived in spring, they are sprayed once every 10 days in April and May with potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus Yunda 120 or yunnansu, plus a bactericidal insecticide sprayed to kill pests. Secondly, adopting this technical measure is crucial for improving the survival rate of seedlings.
3. Orchard intercropping and deep turning, drainage and irrigation:
Juvenile gardens can be interspersed with legume crops, vegetables, and strawberries. However, it is best to grow green manure. In April-August, it is cut and covered in a tree tray. The adult orchards can cover tree trays with weeds or manuscript manuscripts from April to September. They can be pressed into the garden during fertilization or hole expansion in the fall. They can both fertilize the soil and keep the soil moist in the summer. Ground temperature is conducive to plant growth. Covering the tree in winter is good for wintering. In winter, the whole garden is ploughed once and it is suitable for a depth of 10-20 cm.
Deep turning: For the orchards that change the soil in the trenches and planted in large holes, they should be deep-pressed into the weeds, manuscripts, and phosphate fertilizers in the autumn. The entire park should be completed within 3-5 years. It is conducive to guiding the downward growth of roots and increase the ability to attract fertilizers.
Drainage and Irrigation: If there is excessive rainfall during fruit ripening, it may cause poor fruit coloring and fruit cracking. Therefore, drainage should be taken care of in rainy areas. During the spring drought, the young fruit development period (3-4 April) should be properly watered. Summer drought has a serious impact on flower bud differentiation and the growth of flower spikes, especially from August to September. If the weather is dry, it should be flooded and drought-resistant.
Fourth, pruning:
Pruning is the key to the success or failure of intensive gardens. It is the most important technology.
(1) Plasticity: The branching of lotus root has obvious regularity, the growth of the terminal bud is strong, the axillary bud is small but not obvious, the growth is weak, the budding buds and the buds of the nearby axillary buds are drawn, and the axillary buds in the lower part become The cryptic buds, the top buds extend upwards from the central branch, and the axillary buds extend laterally. Therefore, the center of the cockroach is very obvious, and the tree shows a distinct layer. In order to adapt to this characteristic, the close-growing garden often uses the small crown trunk layered (32 meters) and fan-shaped (21.5 meters). The shaping method is as follows:
1, the small crown trunk layered: evolved from the trunk stratification, the tree-shaped high yield, large load, suitable for spacing 32 meters (111 acres) of the dense planting garden. The trunk height is 30-40 cm. The first 4 main branches dry from the center to a 60-70 degree angle, and the second 3 main branches form a 45-degree angle with the center stem. The second main branch of the third layer forms an angle of 30 degrees with the center stem. 3-4 years to complete the plastic, after the formation of the tree height of 2.5 meters, after the age of the tree should be with the increase in the head down happy, reducing the number of main branches. The shaping method is: 30-40 cm seedling colonization is selected, no trimming is performed after planting, and the top bud and lateral bud (aphid bud) are to be cultivated, and the top bud is allowed to grow naturally, and 4 buds are selected as the first layer. The main branch extends in 4 directions to make an angle of 70 degrees with the center (can be fixed by a bamboo rod), and the remaining branches shoot in the upper and middle branches in July when they stop growing. flower. The lateral branches that germinate for the second time in the center are twisted at 30 cm if they are less than 40 cm from the first layer. If the branches are more than 40 cm from the first layer, they are selected as the second main branch. The center dry into 50 degrees -60 degrees from the angle, according to the same method selected to leave the third and fourth main branch (with the center into a 30-45 degree angle). After the fourth main branch was left intact, the central stem was cut off and the rest of the branches except the main shoot buds were grown according to their growth. The other upper branches on the other side branches were twisted in the middle of July to stimulate flowering.
2, fan shape. The fan-shaped ventilation and light transmission is good, the previous period yield is high, the yield is good, the quality is good, and the effect is fast. Suitable for densely planted orchards. Suitable spacing is 2 meters, spacing is 1.5 meters, and 222 acres are planted. The main shaping method steps are as follows: When planting seedlings in the first year, plants are planted in a north-south direction, and the first layer branches obliquely to the southeast and northwest directions, with an angle of 45 degrees between the rows, and branches extending between the plants. Prune removed. The distance between the second branch and the first branch is 50-60 cm, the direction is the same as that of the first branch, and the height of the tree is controlled at about 2 meters.
(b) Pruning: For juvenile trees (1-3 years old, during plastic surgery), generally do not cut, let it shoot more shoots, except for the main branch to maintain a predetermined angle of growth outside the shoots in the rest of the shoots will stop growth in July Twist and cut around it. The non-principal branches will be levelled out from the center to promote early flowering, and appropriate elimination of overweight branches in the second and third years.
Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in spring and summer, and spring pruning is carried out in conjunction with fruit thinning in February-March, mainly to eliminate weak branches, dense branches and leggy branches, and to increase the amount of spring shoots and reduce the size of the year. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit picking, which mainly removes dense branches, delicate branches, and branches of insects and pests to improve the light, and to rejuvenate the excessively high center of the plants to make them happy. And some relocated branches were retracted so that the distance between the rows was maintained at 0.8-1 m. The cross between the plants was not excessively crossed. The fruit piles of the fruit piles or the resulting branches were eliminated to promote the development of summer shoots and achieve annual yields.
V. Adjustment of fruit set and fruit management:
(a) Adjustment of the volume of fruit:
The adjustment of the amount of fruit set is mainly to take measures such as fruit thinning or fruit preservation, so that the orchard can achieve reasonable yields, produce high-quality fruit, and produce high yields year after year.
1. Thinning and Thinning Fruits: Both the spring and summer shoots are easy to grow into flowers. Each flower head generally has 60-100 flowers, and only 5% of the flowers form a yield. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate excessive flowers, especially large ones. In order to produce good quality fruit, five-star pods must eliminate a considerable portion of flowers and young fruit. Sparse flowering is carried out from late October to November. For trees with excessive spikes, some flowering ears should be removed from the base; medium trees can be used to remove 1/2 of the flowering spikes. In short, according to the amount of flowers to determine how much sparse. Appropriate sparse flowering can make flower spikes get sufficient nutrients, increase resistance to adverse environment and increase fruit set rate. Thinning fruit is suitable after the warm spring in February and March. Remove some small fruit and diseased fruit, and leave 1-3 fruits per panicle.
2, Baohua Baoguo: For some varieties with low fruit setting rate and plants with less flowers, and areas with freezing damage in winter, the fruit should be preserved and preserved, and the surplus fruit should be removed after mid-March. Ensure high yields. The main methods of flower protection and fruit preservation are as follows: 1 in early November (before flowering), late in December (after flowering) and mid-January of the following year. . 2 Foliar spraying with 10mg/L (10PPM) of 90% can increase the fruit setting rate of 38.5% at the flowering stage, and 3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2P degree of 4) plus 0.2% of urea at 3/3/3 flowering time. 0.1% borax foliar spray can improve the fruit set rate of 34%.
3. Measures to promote flowering: After the summer planting in the dense planting garden stops growing, the tree vigor is more prosperous, especially the plants that spring out of the spring and summer shoots should take measures to promote flower bud differentiation in July and August to make it Autumn and winter flowering results. The main methods are: spraying 500PPM 15% paclobutrazol or 350 times PB for each time in early July and early August. 2 At the beginning of July, when the summer shoots stopped growing, the shoots were leveled, twisted, cut (3 cuts, 1 cm apart) and peeled and peeled. 3 Pay attention to drainage work and maintain proper drought from July to September.
(b) Fruit Management:
1. Measures to increase fruit: The fruit was sprayed with 30PPM of pyridopyrrolidine (CPPV) + 500PPM of 900 (GA) at the end of December, the end of March, and the middle of April. At the end of the month of April and early April, fruit was soaked twice with 100 times liquid (1 time in 10 days). 3 At the end of flowering (5 days after flowering), and fruiting period (10-15 days after flowering), most fruit sprays (50 kg per packet). It can increase fruit setting and increase fruit. In the middle of 43 years, excessive young fruit and small fruit were removed.
2, fruit bagging: fruit bagging can prevent purple spot disease, sucking fruitworms and birds harm, reduce the sun caused by the rain after the cracking fruit. At the same time, liquid spraying on the fruit surface can be avoided, the fruit can be colored well, the appearance is beautiful, and the quality of the fruit and the value of the product are improved. The bagging time is preferably performed after the last thinning of fruit, generally from late March to early April. Before the bagging, a broad-spectrum insecticidal bactericide must be sprayed. The sack paper used can be used in old newspapers and special fruit bags. Large fruit can be a fruit bag, small fruit is a spike bag. Start with the top of the tree, then down, toward the coat. Bags are fastened with thread and can also be ordered with a stapler.
3. Fruit harvesting: Loquat fruit should be harvested in batches when the skin is fully colored and matured. The first coloring is adopted first, and if it is used for long-distance transportation, appropriate early harvesting is adopted. Because the pod skin is thin, there are many tender meats and there is a layer of villi on the skin, so be careful when picking. You should take the ear or fruit stalk by hand. Carefully cut it, do not scratch the villi and injure the fruit. After harvest, gently place it in a fruit basket with brown grass or grass. Harvest time is morning, afternoon or cloudy. Must not harvest under heavy rain or hot sun.
VI. Pest Control:
(I) Disease prevention and control:
1. Cancerous disease, alias bud blight: Occurred in March-April. Black shoots appear on the pro shoot buds, showing budding symptoms, often clustering side buds, and black spots on the leaves with obvious yellowish haloes. Damaged fruits, rough surface ulcers, fruit stems longitudinal surface crack. Branches were initially tainted with irregular brown spots, with rough surfaces and epigenetic ring-like uplifts and crack lines, which revealed dark brown xylem, showing a cancerous appearance, causing the branches to die. It is a kind of bacterial disease. The pathogen is wintering in the trunk disease department.
Prevention: 1 to strengthen the management of orchards, pay attention to drainage, enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees, the timely removal of the diseased branches, diseased leaves, fruit collection and timely use of fire to burn off, remove the source of the disease. 2 At the beginning of the disease (early March), spray 8000 times of M-45 or 1200-1500 times of mildew 1-2 times.
2, other diseases: leaf spot disease: damage the leaves, lesions were polygonal, auburn, outside the yellow halo, late black mold was dotted, with mycelial blocks and conidia overwintering, warm areas, annual incidence.
Gray leaf spot: damage to the leaves, round spots or irregular shape after healing, reddish-brown, grayish-yellow at the enlarged center, grayish-brown at the outer edge, black spots at the later stages of the lesions, and sometimes arranged in a ring pattern to divide the life. The spores and mycelium overwinter on diseased leaves.
Stained leaf disease: Occurs more on the opposite side of the leaf blade, initially brownish brown spots or irregular, and then grows out of the smog mold. It can cover all the leaves, and conidium and mycelium overwinter on diseased leaves.
Red rust: Harms the leaves, producing orange-yellow-brown rust, granular, with an outer membrane, and no scattering. Clearing the fallen leaves and spraying protection are effective for this.
Purple spot: only purple red rust on the fruit, only affect the appearance, almost without affecting the quality of the meat, the sudden emergence of symptoms in the late mature fruit, and sun exposure. The most effective control measure is fruit bagging.
Prevention and control of the above diseases: 1 emphasis on the removal of fallen leaves, combined with pruning, removal of diseased leaves, do a good job of drainage work during the rainy season, strengthen management, and enhance tree vigor. 2 Spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture after the new leaf grows, or spray 1200-1500 times more mildew in the initial stage of the disease.
(b) Pest Control:
1, yellow caterpillar: larvae eat the tender buds of the young leaves, leaves a lot of time when the light is almost eaten, the loss of young trees when the damage is more serious, in order to be attached to the cracks in the bark depression or old leaves on the back of the winter, 5 Occurrence of adult insects, spawning on the back of leaves, the first generation from June to July damage the leaves, the second generation occurs in the middle of July to August, and the third generation occurs from mid-August to mid-September, and grows with the young leaves. The phase coincides with the harm of new shoots of 1.2-year-old larvae. The larvae are yellow, and the orange blossoms are yellow. The mature larvae are about 20 cm long.
Control measures: The key is in the larval stage, available 20% cypermethrin 4000-5000 times or 2.5% Bromothrin 3000 times, 2.5% eradicating the young urine No. 3 suspension 1500-2000 times. Clearance of overwintering mites during clearing in winter, combined with manual killing of 1-2 instar larvae.
2, the moth: the alias boat-shaped caterpillars, is the main pest of the cricket damaging leaf, eat old leaves, began to eat leaf meal, leaving the epidermis and the remaining main vein. One generation occurred in one year, wintering in the soil near the trunk, differentiation in July, and activity in the evening. Spawning on the back of the leaves, 10 pieces arranged in a row, hatched in late August, 1-2 instar larvae cluster harm, the head out neatly arranged on one or several leaves of the back of the harm, the damaged leaves into a yarn mesh, a tree There are a great number of insects on the field, so sooner or later they will eat and soon the leaves of the whole tree will be eaten. When the larvae are frightened, there will be drooping and false death. From September to October, the mature larvae entered the soil for winter. The larvae were yellow-brown in the beginning and purple-brown in the back.
Prevention measures: Intertillage in winter, excavation of earthworms in the soil around the trunk, in late August concentrated killing of young larvae of the cluster. If the larvae have been scattered for feeding, a 20% solution of cypermethrin 5000 times or a solution of 3000 times zeolith can be selected.
3, Sang Tianniu: The main damage to the banyan tree branches, larvae first bark along the bark, and then enter the xylem harm, causing the branches to die. 40% dichlorvos and other 50 times can be used to dip into the cotton into the fistula, and then block the hole with yellow mud.
4, thorn moth: commonly known as hot son, octagonal Ding. There are many species, and the main hazards are nymphs, moths, etc. 1-2 generations per year, from mid-July to mid-August is the first generation, from the beginning of September to the end of October is the second generation, can use 20% sterilized 5000 times Chrysanthemum in the prevention and control of other pests. Other pests such as borers, aphids, leafhoppers, bag moths, etc. It can be used to prevent and treat major pests. It can be controlled by agents such as extermination, gallium, and chlorpheniramine.
The following describes the planting management technology.
I. Orchard establishment:
(1) The choice of orchard land: First, it is necessary to choose a convenient place for the establishment of a garden. The earthworms are highly adaptable to the soil, but they are still rich and fertile. The slightly acidic soil with an H value of about 6-6.5 is the best.
(II) Orchard reform: Due to its shallow root distribution, weak spreading force, and poor wind resistance, we must carry out deep-turning soil reforms, or press the green or big holes to press the green, and plant the seedlings on the ditch or large hole. On the soil (less than 50 centimeters of soil should be blasted to improve the soil), afterwards, the annual deepening of the cave deep-throw green, in order to improve the soil permeability and fertility, rooting in the soil, enhance root growth, expand the distribution of the root group, the plant Strong growth, increase wind resistance. For flat ground or cohesive soil, 40 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep gutters should be drained every 2-4 lines.
(c) seedling planting: 1. Planting time. In areas with cold winters, planting should be done in the spring to avoid freezing damage. Most of the southern part of the country is warm in winter and can be planted from September to March of the following year, but the best is from October to November.
2. Seedlings treatment. Seedlings must be soaked with carbendazim and other fungicides for 15-30 minutes before sowing, and soaking the seedlings until the grafting interface is more than 10 cm. This is one of the key measures to improve the survival rate. Slurry planting. Large transpiration of the loquat leaves, when planting should cut all the leaves 1/2-2/3, all young shoots cut off. Spray leaves 3-4 times a day.
3. Planting density. The dwarf early morning orchards can be planted in a variety of ways, including 13 meters or 1.52 meters (planting 222 plants) and 23 meters (111 acres planted).
4. Planting methods. When planting, roots should be distributed evenly and layered into soil. It is advisable to cover the roots and necks immediately and to make the root neck 10-20 cm higher than the surrounding ground. Then the earthworms are planted around the plants, and the root water is poured in the soil. Each watering 20-25 kg must be poured thoroughly. This is the key to improving the survival rate of seedlings. After the water penetrates into the soil, it is covered with a layer of fine soil. Finally, the area of ​​1 m2 of the tree tray is covered with a film to keep the soil moisture and increase the temperature of the ground. Long-term drought after planting should continue to water.
Second, fertilization:
The pod is an evergreen fruit tree with leafy flowers and more fertilizer than deciduous fruit trees. Should be used in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Juvenile trees are dominated by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, while adult trees are supplemented by potash fertilizers. The time of fertilization must be determined in conjunction with shoot and root growth. There are 4 peaks of shoots per year at the tip of thistle, mainly for spring shoots (2-4 months), summer shoots (May-June), autumn shoots (8-9 months), winter shoots (11-12 months). ), mainly spring, summer and autumn shoots. The root activity of alfalfa significantly alters the shoot growth in the shoots. Generally, the root system grows about 2 weeks earlier than the branch shoots, and there are 3-4 growth peaks per year. This is the first time from the end of January to the beginning of March. The largest amount of secondary growth occurred from the middle of May to the middle of June, the third from the middle of August to September, and the fourth at the end of November and November. Combined with the growth characteristics of roots and shoots, adult orchards are generally applied three times a year.
The first application of spring fertilizer, applied in mid-February, when the root system is in the first growth peak, easy to absorb nutrients, the main role of promoting spring shoots and increase the fruit. As the spring shoots can be the result of the year and the base of the summer and autumn shoots, the fertilization is more important, accounting for about 30% of the whole year, and the quick-acting fertilizer is the main ingredient. Potash fertilizer is applied at the same time to promote young fruit enlargement. . Per acre can apply 30 kg of urea, superphosphate (phosphorus) 15 kg, potassium sulfate (potassium) 30 kg, 1,000 kg of livestock and manure water.
The second summer shoot fertilizer was applied after fruit picking from mid-May to early June (before late-maturing varieties were harvested). At this time, the second peak of the root growth is positive, which mainly promotes the summer shoots and promotes flower bud differentiation from July to August. As the summer shoots are numerous and orderly, and the mother trees are more likely to be formed in the past, the promotion of summer shoots is the main measure to ensure high yields year after year. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer is very large, accounting for about 50% of the whole year. With quick-acting fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers, all phosphorus fertilizers are applied (to facilitate flower bud differentiation). Generally, 100 kg of urea and 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer (superphosphate) and 2000 kg to 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer are applied.
The third application of autumn fertilizer or flower before the fertilizer, in September-October, before flowering after heading, accounting for about 20% of the year, mainly to promote good flowering, increase fruit set and increase the ability to prevent overwintering, to delay fertilizer Mainly, Mushi urea 10 kg, organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg.
Young tree fertilization adopts the principle of thin service. From the time of planting and survival to the time of germination, the first fertilizer was applied, and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer was used to accelerate the effect of phosphate fertilizer and water manure. Fertilize once every 1 month until October. The first application of 2.5 kg of urea, 5 kg of superphosphate, 250 kg of manure, and then increase month by month. In the second year, fertilizers were applied once in 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months. After the seedlings are planted and survived in spring, they are sprayed once every 10 days in April and May with potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus Yunda 120 or yunnansu, plus a bactericidal insecticide sprayed to kill pests. Secondly, adopting this technical measure is crucial for improving the survival rate of seedlings.
3. Orchard intercropping and deep turning, drainage and irrigation:
Juvenile gardens can be interspersed with legume crops, vegetables, and strawberries. However, it is best to grow green manure. In April-August, it is cut and covered in a tree tray. The adult orchards can cover tree trays with weeds or manuscript manuscripts from April to September. They can be pressed into the garden during fertilization or hole expansion in the fall. They can both fertilize the soil and keep the soil moist in the summer. Ground temperature is conducive to plant growth. Covering the tree in winter is good for wintering. In winter, the whole garden is ploughed once and it is suitable for a depth of 10-20 cm.
Deep turning: For the orchards that change the soil in the trenches and planted in large holes, they should be deep-pressed into the weeds, manuscripts, and phosphate fertilizers in the autumn. The entire park should be completed within 3-5 years. It is conducive to guiding the downward growth of roots and increase the ability to attract fertilizers.
Drainage and Irrigation: If there is excessive rainfall during fruit ripening, it may cause poor fruit coloring and fruit cracking. Therefore, drainage should be taken care of in rainy areas. During the spring drought, the young fruit development period (3-4 April) should be properly watered. Summer drought has a serious impact on flower bud differentiation and the growth of flower spikes, especially from August to September. If the weather is dry, it should be flooded and drought-resistant.
Fourth, pruning:
Pruning is the key to the success or failure of intensive gardens. It is the most important technology.
(1) Plasticity: The branching of lotus root has obvious regularity, the growth of the terminal bud is strong, the axillary bud is small but not obvious, the growth is weak, the budding buds and the buds of the nearby axillary buds are drawn, and the axillary buds in the lower part become The cryptic buds, the top buds extend upwards from the central branch, and the axillary buds extend laterally. Therefore, the center of the cockroach is very obvious, and the tree shows a distinct layer. In order to adapt to this characteristic, the close-growing garden often uses the small crown trunk layered (32 meters) and fan-shaped (21.5 meters). The shaping method is as follows:
1, the small crown trunk layered: evolved from the trunk stratification, the tree-shaped high yield, large load, suitable for spacing 32 meters (111 acres) of the dense planting garden. The trunk height is 30-40 cm. The first 4 main branches dry from the center to a 60-70 degree angle, and the second 3 main branches form a 45-degree angle with the center stem. The second main branch of the third layer forms an angle of 30 degrees with the center stem. 3-4 years to complete the plastic, after the formation of the tree height of 2.5 meters, after the age of the tree should be with the increase in the head down happy, reducing the number of main branches. The shaping method is: 30-40 cm seedling colonization is selected, no trimming is performed after planting, and the top bud and lateral bud (aphid bud) are to be cultivated, and the top bud is allowed to grow naturally, and 4 buds are selected as the first layer. The main branch extends in 4 directions to make an angle of 70 degrees with the center (can be fixed by a bamboo rod), and the remaining branches shoot in the upper and middle branches in July when they stop growing. flower. The lateral branches that germinate for the second time in the center are twisted at 30 cm if they are less than 40 cm from the first layer. If the branches are more than 40 cm from the first layer, they are selected as the second main branch. The center dry into 50 degrees -60 degrees from the angle, according to the same method selected to leave the third and fourth main branch (with the center into a 30-45 degree angle). After the fourth main branch was left intact, the central stem was cut off and the rest of the branches except the main shoot buds were grown according to their growth. The other upper branches on the other side branches were twisted in the middle of July to stimulate flowering.
2, fan shape. The fan-shaped ventilation and light transmission is good, the previous period yield is high, the yield is good, the quality is good, and the effect is fast. Suitable for densely planted orchards. Suitable spacing is 2 meters, spacing is 1.5 meters, and 222 acres are planted. The main shaping method steps are as follows: When planting seedlings in the first year, plants are planted in a north-south direction, and the first layer branches obliquely to the southeast and northwest directions, with an angle of 45 degrees between the rows, and branches extending between the plants. Prune removed. The distance between the second branch and the first branch is 50-60 cm, the direction is the same as that of the first branch, and the height of the tree is controlled at about 2 meters.
(b) Pruning: For juvenile trees (1-3 years old, during plastic surgery), generally do not cut, let it shoot more shoots, except for the main branch to maintain a predetermined angle of growth outside the shoots in the rest of the shoots will stop growth in July Twist and cut around it. The non-principal branches will be levelled out from the center to promote early flowering, and appropriate elimination of overweight branches in the second and third years.
Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in spring and summer, and spring pruning is carried out in conjunction with fruit thinning in February-March, mainly to eliminate weak branches, dense branches and leggy branches, and to increase the amount of spring shoots and reduce the size of the year. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit picking, which mainly removes dense branches, delicate branches, and branches of insects and pests to improve the light, and to rejuvenate the excessively high center of the plants to make them happy. And some relocated branches were retracted so that the distance between the rows was maintained at 0.8-1 m. The cross between the plants was not excessively crossed. The fruit piles of the fruit piles or the resulting branches were eliminated to promote the development of summer shoots and achieve annual yields.
V. Adjustment of fruit set and fruit management:
(a) Adjustment of the volume of fruit:
The adjustment of the amount of fruit set is mainly to take measures such as fruit thinning or fruit preservation, so that the orchard can achieve reasonable yields, produce high-quality fruit, and produce high yields year after year.
1. Thinning and Thinning Fruits: Both the spring and summer shoots are easy to grow into flowers. Each flower head generally has 60-100 flowers, and only 5% of the flowers form a yield. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate excessive flowers, especially large ones. In order to produce good quality fruit, five-star pods must eliminate a considerable portion of flowers and young fruit. Sparse flowering is carried out from late October to November. For trees with excessive spikes, some flowering ears should be removed from the base; medium trees can be used to remove 1/2 of the flowering spikes. In short, according to the amount of flowers to determine how much sparse. Appropriate sparse flowering can make flower spikes get sufficient nutrients, increase resistance to adverse environment and increase fruit set rate. Thinning fruit is suitable after the warm spring in February and March. Remove some small fruit and diseased fruit, and leave 1-3 fruits per panicle.
2, Baohua Baoguo: For some varieties with low fruit setting rate and plants with less flowers, and areas with freezing damage in winter, the fruit should be preserved and preserved, and the surplus fruit should be removed after mid-March. Ensure high yields. The main methods of flower protection and fruit preservation are as follows: 1 in early November (before flowering), late in December (after flowering) and mid-January of the following year. . 2 Foliar spraying with 10mg/L (10PPM) of 90% can increase the fruit setting rate of 38.5% at the flowering stage, and 3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2P degree of 4) plus 0.2% of urea at 3/3/3 flowering time. 0.1% borax foliar spray can improve the fruit set rate of 34%.
3. Measures to promote flowering: After the summer planting in the dense planting garden stops growing, the tree vigor is more prosperous, especially the plants that spring out of the spring and summer shoots should take measures to promote flower bud differentiation in July and August to make it Autumn and winter flowering results. The main methods are: spraying 500PPM 15% paclobutrazol or 350 times PB for each time in early July and early August. 2 At the beginning of July, when the summer shoots stopped growing, the shoots were leveled, twisted, cut (3 cuts, 1 cm apart) and peeled and peeled. 3 Pay attention to drainage work and maintain proper drought from July to September.
(b) Fruit Management:
1. Measures to increase fruit: The fruit was sprayed with 30PPM of pyridopyrrolidine (CPPV) + 500PPM of 900 (GA) at the end of December, the end of March, and the middle of April. At the end of the month of April and early April, fruit was soaked twice with 100 times liquid (1 time in 10 days). 3 At the end of flowering (5 days after flowering), and fruiting period (10-15 days after flowering), most fruit sprays (50 kg per packet). It can increase fruit setting and increase fruit. In the middle of 43 years, excessive young fruit and small fruit were removed.
2, fruit bagging: fruit bagging can prevent purple spot disease, sucking fruitworms and birds harm, reduce the sun caused by the rain after the cracking fruit. At the same time, liquid spraying on the fruit surface can be avoided, the fruit can be colored well, the appearance is beautiful, and the quality of the fruit and the value of the product are improved. The bagging time is preferably performed after the last thinning of fruit, generally from late March to early April. Before the bagging, a broad-spectrum insecticidal bactericide must be sprayed. The sack paper used can be used in old newspapers and special fruit bags. Large fruit can be a fruit bag, small fruit is a spike bag. Start with the top of the tree, then down, toward the coat. Bags are fastened with thread and can also be ordered with a stapler.
3. Fruit harvesting: Loquat fruit should be harvested in batches when the skin is fully colored and matured. The first coloring is adopted first, and if it is used for long-distance transportation, appropriate early harvesting is adopted. Because the pod skin is thin, there are many tender meats and there is a layer of villi on the skin, so be careful when picking. You should take the ear or fruit stalk by hand. Carefully cut it, do not scratch the villi and injure the fruit. After harvest, gently place it in a fruit basket with brown grass or grass. Harvest time is morning, afternoon or cloudy. Must not harvest under heavy rain or hot sun.
VI. Pest Control:
(I) Disease prevention and control:
1. Cancerous disease, alias bud blight: Occurred in March-April. Black shoots appear on the pro shoot buds, showing budding symptoms, often clustering side buds, and black spots on the leaves with obvious yellowish haloes. Damaged fruits, rough surface ulcers, fruit stems longitudinal surface crack. Branches were initially tainted with irregular brown spots, with rough surfaces and epigenetic ring-like uplifts and crack lines, which revealed dark brown xylem, showing a cancerous appearance, causing the branches to die. It is a kind of bacterial disease. The pathogen is wintering in the trunk disease department.
Prevention: 1 to strengthen the management of orchards, pay attention to drainage, enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees, the timely removal of the diseased branches, diseased leaves, fruit collection and timely use of fire to burn off, remove the source of the disease. 2 At the beginning of the disease (early March), spray 8000 times of M-45 or 1200-1500 times of mildew 1-2 times.
2, other diseases: leaf spot disease: damage the leaves, lesions were polygonal, auburn, outside the yellow halo, late black mold was dotted, with mycelial blocks and conidia overwintering, warm areas, annual incidence.
Gray leaf spot: damage to the leaves, round spots or irregular shape after healing, reddish-brown, grayish-yellow at the enlarged center, grayish-brown at the outer edge, black spots at the later stages of the lesions, and sometimes arranged in a ring pattern to divide the life. The spores and mycelium overwinter on diseased leaves.
Stained leaf disease: Occurs more on the opposite side of the leaf blade, initially brownish brown spots or irregular, and then grows out of the smog mold. It can cover all the leaves, and conidium and mycelium overwinter on diseased leaves.
Red rust: Harms the leaves, producing orange-yellow-brown rust, granular, with an outer membrane, and no scattering. Clearing the fallen leaves and spraying protection are effective for this.
Purple spot: only purple red rust on the fruit, only affect the appearance, almost without affecting the quality of the meat, the sudden emergence of symptoms in the late mature fruit, and sun exposure. The most effective control measure is fruit bagging.
Prevention and control of the above diseases: 1 emphasis on the removal of fallen leaves, combined with pruning, removal of diseased leaves, do a good job of drainage work during the rainy season, strengthen management, and enhance tree vigor. 2 Spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture after the new leaf grows, or spray 1200-1500 times more mildew in the initial stage of the disease.
(b) Pest Control:
1, yellow caterpillar: larvae eat the tender buds of the young leaves, leaves a lot of time when the light is almost eaten, the loss of young trees when the damage is more serious, in order to be attached to the cracks in the bark depression or old leaves on the back of the winter, 5 Occurrence of adult insects, spawning on the back of leaves, the first generation from June to July damage the leaves, the second generation occurs in the middle of July to August, and the third generation occurs from mid-August to mid-September, and grows with the young leaves. The phase coincides with the harm of new shoots of 1.2-year-old larvae. The larvae are yellow, and the orange blossoms are yellow. The mature larvae are about 20 cm long.
Control measures: The key is in the larval stage, available 20% cypermethrin 4000-5000 times or 2.5% Bromothrin 3000 times, 2.5% eradicating the young urine No. 3 suspension 1500-2000 times. Clearance of overwintering mites during clearing in winter, combined with manual killing of 1-2 instar larvae.
2, the moth: the alias boat-shaped caterpillars, is the main pest of the cricket damaging leaf, eat old leaves, began to eat leaf meal, leaving the epidermis and the remaining main vein. One generation occurred in one year, wintering in the soil near the trunk, differentiation in July, and activity in the evening. Spawning on the back of the leaves, 10 pieces arranged in a row, hatched in late August, 1-2 instar larvae cluster harm, the head out neatly arranged on one or several leaves of the back of the harm, the damaged leaves into a yarn mesh, a tree There are a great number of insects on the field, so sooner or later they will eat and soon the leaves of the whole tree will be eaten. When the larvae are frightened, there will be drooping and false death. From September to October, the mature larvae entered the soil for winter. The larvae were yellow-brown in the beginning and purple-brown in the back.
Prevention measures: Intertillage in winter, excavation of earthworms in the soil around the trunk, in late August concentrated killing of young larvae of the cluster. If the larvae have been scattered for feeding, a 20% solution of cypermethrin 5000 times or a solution of 3000 times zeolith can be selected.
3, Sang Tianniu: The main damage to the banyan tree branches, larvae first bark along the bark, and then enter the xylem harm, causing the branches to die. 40% dichlorvos and other 50 times can be used to dip into the cotton into the fistula, and then block the hole with yellow mud.
4, thorn moth: commonly known as hot son, octagonal Ding. There are many species, and the main hazards are nymphs, moths, etc. 1-2 generations per year, from mid-July to mid-August is the first generation, from the beginning of September to the end of October is the second generation, can use 20% sterilized 5000 times Chrysanthemum in the prevention and control of other pests. Other pests such as borers, aphids, leafhoppers, bag moths, etc. It can be used to prevent and treat major pests. It can be controlled by agents such as extermination, gallium, and chlorpheniramine.
Fungi, a large class of chlorophyll - free, can not carry out photosynthesis, heterotrophic lower class of plants. These include bacteria, slime molds and fungi. Their common characteristics are: the plant body has no differentiation of roots, stems and leaves, does not contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments (except a few photosynthetic bacteria), can not carry out photosynthesis, saprophytic life or parasitic life, that is, heterotrophic life. Most of the reproductive organs are single-cell structures, and the zygotes do not develop into embryos.
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